Economic Policies United Arab Emirates and World Trade Organisation

Trade and Commerce Trade and commerce has an underlying effect on the economy of the world as a whole. The effects of this phenomenon result from the different economic principles put in place by governments and other agencies to ensure international trade is free and fair. Krugman and Wells (2012) cite a number of economic policies that are fundamental components of international trade.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Economic Policies: United Arab Emirates and World Trade Organisation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the current paper, the author discusses various economic policies, such as price ceilings, price floors, and tariffs. The policies are discussed in the context of the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The author examines minimum wage and rent laws in UAE as components of price ceilings and price floors. The author also analyses a number of policies formulated by the World Trade Organisation (herein re ferred to as WTO) and the recently concluded Bali talks. Government Policies in UAE: Price Floors, Price Ceilings, and Unit Taxes United Arab Emirates’ Policy on Minimum Wage The law Labour regulations in UAE are outlined in Federal Law no. 8 of 1980 (UAE labour law, 2001). The minimum wage is covered in chapter 3 of this law. The law sets a cap on the wage that a labourer can seek from their employer in form of remuneration. The law defines wage as the cumulative costs incurred by an individual as living expenses. The cost is arrived at using a formula stipulated in the labour contract. The law and minimum wage According to UAE Labour Law (n.d.), minimum wage is not clearly defined. However, minimum wage is generally set at Dhs.4000. The assumption is that an individual will not be able to sustain their life below this income level. Eligibility to minimum wage The law on minimum wage covers all persons working in the UAE. The implication is that all industries that provide e mployment in the country are covered by this law (UAE labour law, 2001). Industries concerned The law is applicable to all industries operating within the UAE (UAE labour law, 2001). The booming logistical, oil, and hospitality sectors are some of the areas covered by this law.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The binding power of the minimum wage law Regardless of the legitimacy of the law on minimum wage, it is not binding to certain industries and occupations. The law stipulates that civil servants, members of the security forces, domestic workers, and farmers are not covered by this policy (UAE labour law, 2001). Minimum wage laws in other Gulf Cooperation Countries According to Peck (2010), Gulf Cooperation Countries (herein referred to as GCC) is a group made up of 6 nations. They include Oman, Qatar, and the UAE. The others are Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Bahrain. Out of the six countries, it is only Saudi Arabia, Qatar, and the UAE that have put in place legal structures to address the issue of minimum wage. Rent Control Laws in Abu Dhabi and Dubai Implications of the rent control laws Krugman and Wells (2012) explain price ceilings as situations where the government puts a limit on the highest cost of a commodity. The rent laws in Abu Dhabi and Dubai are examples of this economic policy. Law no. 33 of 2008 (BetterHomes, n.d.) stipulates the permissible levels of increase in rent. For instance, the law provides for a maximum of 5% increase in rent for a property that was previously rented out at 36% of its value. What this means is that the rent laws in these two cities constitute a price ceiling policy. Overview of the rent control laws Bowman (2013) points out that in Abu Dhabi, rent control laws require the tenant and the landlord to agree on rent. In the absence of this agreement, the landlord is allowed by law to increase the rent annually by 5%. A ceiling is set to regulate the increase. However, the law is silent on how high the rent should be maintained. With regards to Dubai, BetterHomes (n.d.) cites the city’s caveat on increasing rent. The caveat covers people who were renting property valued at 25% below the average index in 2009. The element of price ceilings is observed in Dubai since the authorities forbid rent increments for certain groups of tenants. Trade and Trade Tariffs Trade Regulations Globalisation has made international trade an essential component of world economies. Trade regulations may hinder the process of international trade. Krugman and Wells (2012) cite the introduction of certain tariffs as potential barriers to international trade. Consequently, it is important to enhance uniformity in trade regulations. Oversight bodies, such as the WTO, are formed to address this issue.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Economic Policies: United Arab Emirates and World Trade Or ganisation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The World Trade Organisation The need to regulate international trade necessitated the formation of the WTO. The body was formed in 1995 (World Trade Organisation, 2011). The organisation is a global body that is charged with the responsibility of creating and enforcing rules of trade among the member countries. The body is composed of key stakeholders in international trade. It acts as a platform on which various issues related to international trade are discussed. The organisation is characterised by different agreements arrived at through rigorous negotiation processes. Each of these agreements is usually ratified by the legislative bodies of the member states (World Trade Organisation, 2011). The major objective of WTO is to enhance fair international trade practices. The legitimacy of the organisation is attained through various core principles. The principles include non-discrimination , transparency, and binding and enforceable commitments. Trade ministers drawn from member countries met recently and ratified a new treaty in Bali (Mehra, 2013). The treaty was an indication of the commitment by WTO to establish a level playing field in international trade. With the help of technocrats from WTO, the ministers arrived at an agreement aimed at improving trade through a universal consensus. The Bali Trade Agreements As aforementioned, WTO is a platform through which stakeholders in international trade engage each other to address issues that affect the global economy. Accordingly, the body has designated special sittings through which trade ministers meet to discuss various trade related policies (World Trade Organisation, 2011). Here, trade ministers meet to negotiate and deliberate on various treaties. According to Mehra (2013), the most recent session was held in Bali between 3rd and 6th December, 2013. It was the 9th session. The Bali session was a follow-up to a previous one held in Doha (Mehra, 2013). The objective of this session was to establish a consensus between the developing nations with regards to a number of issues related to trade.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Fergusson (2011) points out that these talks were seen as the long awaited solution to the Doha Development Agenda talks that commenced in 2001. At the core of these talks was the need to harmonise various tariffs and other trade policies. The major agreement in the ‘Bali Package’ was in the area of trade facilitation (World Trade Organisation, 2013). In this regard, the ministers ratified the proposal to hasten custom procedures. In addition, the ministers called for increased transparency in custom practices. The trade facilitation aspect of the agreement was meant to reduce bureaucracy and corruption through the adoption of technology. Developing nations stand to benefit from the infrastructure envisaged in this treaty. Another agreement realised from the Bali talks involves food security. The trade ministers reached a consensus on matters to do with agriculture (World Trade Organisation, 2013). The ministers agreed to shield nations that stock their produce for the purposes of food security from penalties. The contents of the agreement revolved around key issues like non-violation complaints and electronic commerce. The agreements on regular work also covered proposals for ‘aid for trade’ where developing nations are to be assisted in terms of trade (World Trade Organization, 2013). Effects of the Bali Agreements on the UAE The Bali agreements are highly regarded owing to the fact that they are binding and enforceable (Mehra, 2013). Consequently, nations like the UAE are affected by these agreements with regards to agriculture and e-commerce. Bowman (2013) cites the growing need to address the issue of food security in the region. Currently, the odds are against the UAE and Dubai since they rely on the generosity of food producers to import food products to the region. References BetterHomes. The rental increase cap- An update on tenancy law.  Web. Bowman, D. (2013). Abu Dhabi rent controls and lease renewals. Web. Fergusson, I. (2011). World Trade Organisation negotiations: The Doha Development Agenda. Washington D.C.: Congressional Research Service. Krugman, P., Wells, R. (2012). Microeconomics. New York: Worth Publishers. Mehra, T. (2013). In Bali, ministers put the world back into the WTO. Web. Peck, C. (2010). The A to Z of Gulf Arab states. Lanham: Scarecrow Press Inc. UAE Labour Law. UAE labour law. Web. UAE labour law: Federal law No. 8 of 1980 labour law and its amendments. (2001). Web. World Trade Organisation. (2011). Understanding the WTO. Geneva: World Trade Organisation Information and External Relations Division. World Trade Organisation. (2013). Days 3, 4 and 5: Round the clock consultations produce ‘Bali Package’.  Web. This essay on Economic Policies: United Arab Emirates and World Trade Organisation was written and submitted by user Jason Mcbride to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Glycoprotein Definition and Function

Glycoprotein Definition and Function A glycoprotein is a type of protein molecule that has had a carbohydrate attached to it. The process either occurs during protein translation or as a posttranslational modification in a process called glycosylation. The carbohydrate is an oligosaccharide chain (glycan) that is covalently bonded to the polypeptide side chains of the protein. Because of the -OH groups of sugars, glycoproteins are more hydrophilic than simple proteins. This means glycoproteins are more attracted to water than ordinary proteins. The hydrophilic nature of the molecule also leads to the characteristic folding of the proteins tertiary structure. The carbohydrate is a short molecule, often branched, and may consist of: simple sugars (e.g., glucose, galactose, mannose, xylose)amino sugars (sugars that have an amino group, such as N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine)acidic sugars (sugars that have a carboxyl group, such as sialic acid or N-acetylneuraminic acid) O-Linked and N-Linked Glycoproteins Glycoproteins are categorized according to the attachment site of the carbohydrate to an amino acid in the protein. O-linked glycoproteins are ones in which the carbohydrate bonds to the oxygen atom (O) of the hydroxyl group (-OH) of the R group of either the amino acid threonine or serine. O-linked carbohydrates may also bond to hydroxylysine or hydroxyproline. The process is termed O-glycosylation. O-linked glycoproteins are bound to sugar within the Golgi complex.N-linked glycoproteins have a carbohydrate bonded to the nitrogen (N) of the  amino group (-NH2) of the R group of the amino acid asparagine. The R group is usually the amide side chain of asparagine. The bonding process is called N-glycosylation. N-linked glycoproteins gain their sugar from the endoplasmic reticulum membrane and then are transported to the Golgi complex for modification. While O-linked and N-linked glycoproteins are the most common forms, other connections are also possible: P-glycosylation occurs when the sugar attaches to the phosphorus of phosphoserine.C-glycosylation is when the sugar attaches to the carbon atom of amino acid. An example is when the sugar mannose bonds to the carbon in tryptophan.Glypiation is when a  glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI) glycolipid attaches to the carbon terminus of a polypeptide. Glycoprotein Examples and Functions Glycoproteins function in the structure, reproduction, immune system, hormones, and protection of cells and organisms. Glycoproteins are found on the surface of the lipid bilayer of cell membranes. Their hydrophilic nature allows them to function in the aqueous environment, where they act in cell-cell recognition and binding of other molecules. Cell surface glycoproteins are also important for cross-linking cells and proteins (e.g., collagen) to add strength and stability to a tissue. Glycoproteins in plant cells are what allows plants to stand upright against the force of gravity. Glycosylated proteins are not just critical for  intercellular communication. They also help organ systems communicate with each other. Glycoproteins are found in brain gray matter, where they work together with axons and synaptosomes. Hormones  may be glycoproteins. Examples include human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and erythropoietin (EPO). Blood clotting depends on the glycoproteins prothrombin, thrombin, and fibrinogen. Cell markers may be glycoproteins. The MN blood groups are due to two polymorphic forms of the glycoprotein glycophorin A. The two forms differ only by two amino acid residues, yet that is enough to cause problems for persons receiving an organ donated by someone with a different blood group. The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) and H antigen of the ABO blood group are distinguished by glycosylated proteins. Glycophorin A is also important because its the attachment site for Plasmodium falciparum, a human blood parasite. Glycoproteins are important for reproduction because they allow for the binding of the sperm cell to the surface of the egg. Mucins are glycoproteins found in mucus. The molecules protect sensitive epithelial surfaces, including the respiratory, urinary, digestive, and reproductive tracts. The immune response relies on glycoproteins. The carbohydrate of antibodies (which are glycoproteins) determines the specific antigen it can bind. B cells and T cells have surface glycoproteins which bind antigens, as well. Glycosylation Versus Glycation Glycoproteins get their sugar from an enzymatic process that forms a molecule that would not function otherwise. Another process, called glycation, covalently bonds sugars to proteins and lipids. Glycation is not an enzymatic process. Often, glycation reduces or negates the function of the affected molecule. Glycation naturally occurs during aging and is accelerated in diabetic patients with high glucose levels in their blood. References and Suggested Reading Berg, Tymoczko, and Stryer (2002).  Biochemistry. W.H. Freeman and Company: New York. 5th edition: pg. 306-309.Ivatt, Raymond J. (1984)  The Biology of Glycoproteins. Plenum Press: New York.

Marketing strategies and tools that affect hotel sales Literature review

Marketing strategies and tools that affect hotel sales - Literature review Example In most of the business organizations, marketing communication strategies are found to be in integrated form in the sense that it combines several aspects together. Just like has the broad area of marketing itself, marketing communication also has a mix. Under a marketing communications mix, different elements of communications are incorporated in different quantities to form a campaign. A marketing communications mix comprises of elements like sales promotion, publicity, advertising, direct marketing, e-marketing, branding, and sponsorships and so on. All these elements are generally referred to as marketing communications tools. One wants to become successful financially for this all spheres of business, such as in hotel industry, should have their own respective strategies through which they will carry out their plans. This chapter is based on the effective differences and similarities between the product based and the service based marketing. Along with detail discussion of certa in terms and concepts, we shall also provide you with some samples on target advertisement, which will be created by us to examine group marketing and leisure. Lastly, what we shall do is to check on the areas where there shall be future prospect and growth opportunities may exist. (Imrie and Fyall, 2001; Dev, Zhou, Brown and Agarwal, 2009; Leong, 2008; Bell, 1993; ).... The Differences between Marketing and Sales Sales and marketing are both critical concepts and very important. The involvement of marketing is more. Marketing process includes sales, but marketing is a long-term process and is strategic in nature. The target market includes some specific activities of sale present in the market plan. Advertisements forms the most common part of strategies oriented in tangible marketing. If you have the advertisement setup in an effective condition, the foundations for the department of sales are laid then for the business. Well, this is true that advertisement forms only a single entity, a large, albeit internal part of marketing. (Sin et al. 2006) The Four P’s of Marketing – the Marketing Mix The definition of marketing mix is given as factors, which play an influential role in the process of sales. If they are combined with each other then they become a strategy, which are thereby controllable as marketing tools. These marketing tools are designed for the creation of demand for the various services and products. (Dev etc al, 2007) Product: the tangible as well as the intangible aspects are featured or designed. Place: the process of accessibility of the various hospitability products in the defined area. Promotion: effectiveness on the masses of the various products or the ability to sales in a proper way Price: every target market has a rate to pay for the product as well as the hotel prices, banquets and other areas for negotiation (where one receives management services). (Oh and Pizam, 2008; Bowie and Buttle, 2004) You will get to see it in figure 1, which deals with various ways and techniques these suggested four P’s work in the field to yield the most out of the market

Entrepreneurial Crime and the Sarbanes-Oxley legislation Essay

Entrepreneurial Crime and the Sarbanes-Oxley legislation - Essay Example National organizations have loopholes are due to geographical and spatial complexities and the fact that different cultures and legal systems are brought together (Acs & Szerb, 2007). Trade involving international players should be ethical and regulated by law. In the spirit of the Sarbanes-Oxley legislation, auditing accuracy, financial accuracy and operations between such entities and individuals must be undertaken in a clear and plausible manner to avoid fraudulent engagement (Acs & Szerb, 2007). On the contrary, the Fumitake Nishi, a former employee of the Tile Shop Holdings, Inc., and brother-in-law of the Company CEO colluded with another Chinese company where he was a majority shareholder to indulge in multiple practices that were unethical and fraudulent (Anderson, 2014). Even though, the audit did not reveal any substantial embezzlement of company funds, the vendor relationships and sourcing practices were unethical and tantamount to a contravention of law. (Acs & Szerb, 200 7). Incentive compensation practices that the Beijing Pingxiu (BP) indulged in were detestable because they meddled in the company’s vendor practices by yielding operations that unorthodox and fraudulent (Anderson, 2014). Many funds were paid into the victim’s private bank account by the company to secure the vendor deals. The process was prohibited because it denied conventional operators business opportunity over the course of time they operated the business (Acs & Szerb, 2007).

Crime Scenes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Crime Scenes - Essay Example Crime scene processing is the real act of processing the scene of a crime in the field with the term processing referring to the complete task of examining, sketching, photographing and utilizing field procedures to identify, assess, document/record, process and collect physical, fingerprint and testimonial evidence. Crime scene investigation involves logic, science and law and it is necessary to put into consideration the fact that every crime scene, piece of evidence and the approach of investigation differ. However, in all crime scenes, there is a basic protocol or tasks to which the initial responding officer at a crime scene should adhere. Travis and his co-authors assert that one of the principal aspects of ensuring that the crime scene is secure is to preserve it with minimal disturbance and contamination of physical evidence. The primary response to an incident is normally systematic and expeditious. Following his arrival, the initial responding officer should carry out his f irst responsibility of evaluating the scene.

Prototype of 3D Cadaster Polygonal Model

Prototype of 3D Cadaster Polygonal Model Abhijit Gujar Table of Contents 1.Introduction 1.1.Background and Justification 1.2.Literature review 1.2.1.Review on concept though and ideas 1.2.2.Review on approaches 1.3.Research problem 1.4.Research objective 1.4.1.General objective 1.4.2.Specific objective 1.5.Research questions 1.6.Research limitations 2.Research design and methods 2.1.Study area 2.2.Data 2.3.Software and hardware requirement 2.4.Research design matrix 3.Framework 3.1.Research framework 3.2.Thesis framework 3.3.Work plan framework 4.Reference 1. Introduction 1.1. Background and Justification Urbanization is an inevitable part of the economic development process for any country and is considered a global phenomenon (Rigg et al., 2009) . However, it is only in recent years that the rate of urbanization has begun to accelerate. More than half of the world population is dwelling in urban area. Urbanization is one of the inevitable phenomenon right now, as the result of this there is need and growth of high rise buildings which are having many types of uses and new types of shared ownership and also underground infrastructure such as sewage, train tunnels (subway), electrical and communication network is becoming dense and complex more over multi-use of land parcel creates new problems and challenges. (Jazayeri, Rajabifard, Kalantari, 2014) Traditionally the land parcel information which includes geometric, visual and legal data is managed in 2D. It is difficult in 2D map to make simple operation such as volume of space, cannot perform various spatial analysis that is necessary in various other field of urban planning as the data is in 2D. 3D visualization for dissemination is very difficult using just the 2D data in cadaster system (Mohamed Anders, 2012). This is where the 3D cadaster comes into light.endi One of the biggest hurdle in developing the 3D cadaster is the creating the 3D building geometry representation that are suitable for 3D cadaster. Although there are CAD model available that represent the 3D blue print of the building, the real on ground situation can be different then what is on the CAD model so it is necessary to calculate the 3D measurements of actual built building. I want to research how we can create a 3D model that is suitable for 3D cadaster, one of the possible methods can be using laser scanning data. Laser scanning data has very high accuracy which is suitable for land administration needs. AHN -2 (Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland) is the project in Netherlands that aims to collect high resolution laser data of entire country (van der Sande, Soudarissanane, Khoshelham, 2010). Although AHN-2 data is accurate the point density is not enough to be able to convert it into a polygonal geometry model as the AHN-2 is taken from high altitude it covers the roof of buildings adequately but the facades of the building generally have less point density which results in anomalies. The proposed solution to take multiple images of the building from all the sides (facades) to construct a point cloud of that building, the minimum number of images required will be analyzed using techniques discussed in (Alsadik, B., Gerke, M., Vosselman, G., Daham, A., Jasim, L. ,2014), then register this point cloud with the AHN-2 point cloud then this point cloud is used to generate 3D model 1.2. Literature review This section talks about the concepts, ideas that are discussed throughout this proposal. Cadaster: Urbanization is a process by which town cities are slowly transformed from rural form to urban form 3D cadaster: Cadaster registers real status of real estate objects until now the spatial information use to register the legal status of land in two dimensional systems that is a parcel is defined by 2D juridical boundaries. 3D cadaster What is a 3D Model A 3D Model is a mathematical representation of any three-dimensional object (real or imagined) in a 3D software environment. Unlike a 2D image, 3D models can be viewed in specialized software suites from any angle, and can be scaled, rotated, or freely modified. The process of creating and shaping a 3D model is known as 3d modeling Laser scanning Laser scanning is technique of controlled deflection of laser beam visible or invisible to capture the information of target in 3D from airborne or terrestrial platform. Airborne laser scanning is carried out from aircraft while terrestrial laser scanning can be done from a stationary or moving platform. Point cloud: point cloud is a set of 3D points in the same coordinate system. Often intended to represent a external surface of an object. Point cloud file is just the set of numbers representing X, Y, Z in coordinate system. Point cloud registration: Point cloud registration is a process of merging 2 separate point cloud having different origin and into one . Stratified sampling method: Stratified is probability sampling technique in which the researcher divides the entire population into different groups and then sample is collected from equally from each group. So that the selected sample can represent the population well. 1.3. Problem statement In past recent years there has been a lot of development in 3D. Netherlands is actively promoting for participation of over 65 private, public and scientific organizations to promote the use of 3D information covering issues such as acquisition, standardization, storage and use (Elberink, Stoter, Ledoux, Commandeur, 2013). Although there are many paper that suggest different methods to extract building from point cloud I want to look into alternative way of designing a 3D model of building by combining two point cloud from different sources. 1.4. Motivation 1.5. Research objective Research objectives are divided into general objective and specific objective. General objective is overall goal of research and specific objective are the objectives that are needed to complete general objective. 1.5.1. General objective To develop and test a prototype of 3D cadaster Polygonal model of building by combing the AHN-2 data with point cloud created by multiple high quality images of the building from all the facades. 1.5.2. Specific objective To formalize a benchmark for constructing a prototype 3D modelof buildingsatisfying the requirement for 3D cadaster. To create a prototype 3D model of a building using the benchmark. To evaluate applicability of developed 3D model based on developed benchmark. 1.6. Research questions Specific objective 1: To formalize a benchmark for constructing a prototype 3D model of building satisfying the requirement for 3D cadaster. What are important feature, constrain and requirement to construct a 3D model of a building for 3D cadaster? What are the criteria of sampling buildings (e.g height, type, length, width, building complexity of structure) Specific objective 2: To create a prototype 3D model of a building using thebenchmark. Which image processing techniques are better for 3D cadaster? Which is appropriate 3D model for 3D cadaster? And why? (wireframe , surface or solid) Specific objective 3: To evaluate applicability of developed 3D model based ondeveloped benchmark. What is the strength and weakness of derived 3D model? What are the reasons of strength and weakness? How can we access the accuracy (X,Y) of the 3D model using the existing 2D cadastral database? How can we access the accuracy (Z) of the 3D model using the CAD model? What are the possible recommendations to improve developed method? 1.7. Research limitations The current research limits extracting the model of building from the exterior of the building and does not covers the interior design and structure of the building. 2. Research design and methods In this section briefly describes the how the research will attempt to accomplish the formulated research questions. It includes the description of study area, people, data requirement, software to be used, proposed workflow/methodology. 2.1. Study area Study area for this project is Enschede. Results from the specific objective one will be used to select sample building of different type, height, volume so that it can represent the building population well. 2.2. Data Data description Data use Data source Airborne laser data for study area To create model PDOK Images of building taken from all the sides For Image base modeling field work CAD model of the building To assess accuracy (z) of developed model Cadaster, Netherlands. 2D Cadastral data of the selected buildings To assess accuracy (x,y) of developed model Cadaster, Netherlands. 2.3. Software and hardware requirement Software / Hardware Use/ application PCM Point cloud segmentation, manipulation and visual interpretation ImageModeler To convert point cloud to 3D model Matlab Coordinate system transformation 3DF Samantha AutoCAD CAD model analysis Endnote Reference management Microsoft Word Thesis preparation Professional camera To capture building images 2.4. Research design matrix Research Sub-Objective Research Question Research Method Required input data Anticipated Output To determine important factors for constructing 3D model ofbuilding satisfying the requirement for 3D cadaster. What are important feature, constrain and requirement to construct a 3D model of a building for 3D cadaster? Literature review, expert consultation, Case study, previous research papers, Case study, Literature, research paper, sample data from cadaster. List of important characteristics/functions/ features. In order to select the buildings for modeling, what are the parameters of sampling (selection)? Stratified sampling method Building type database Selection of types of building to study for modeling To create a prototype 3D model of a building. How can we create a point cloud from the images of building? Literature review, expert consultation, Case study, previous research papers High quality images of the building from all facades. Point cloud data How can we filter unwanted data (noise) from both of the point cloud? Literature review, expert consultation, Case study, previous research papers Two point cloud from previous objective Noise free point cloud How can we create a 3D model of building from point cloud? Literature review, expert consultation, Case study, previous research papers Noise free point cloud 3D model of a building To evaluate applicability of developed 3D model in context of 3D cadaster standards derived from objective one. What is the strength and weakness of derived 3D model? What are the reasons of strength and weakness? Comparison with the result derived from first objective. Visual and statistical analysis. Output from the first objective. Output from second objective. A summarizing list of strength and weakness of the derived output, discussion, conclusion and recommendation. How can we access the accuracy (X,Y) of the 3D model using the existing 2D Kadastral database? Output from second objective. Database for that specific building from Kadaster Table of accuracy analysis. How can we access the accuracy (Z) of the 3D model using the CAD model? Output from second objective. CAD model of same building 3. Framework Framework is structure to organize concepts or steps of the research process for better communication with intended readers. 3.1. Research framework Research framework will depict the overall structure and sequence of the major activities, task within each activity are of equal importance and cannot be skipped. Figure 2: Research Framework 3.2. Thesis framework Thesis framework describes and introduces the chapters that will be included in the main thesis. Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter one offers the justification background of research it also discusses the research problem, research objective, research questions, any previous work done related to this research Chapter 2: Literature Review and concepts Chapter two will go more deep into the concepts and the terms their meaning.Various terminology used in research. Chapter 3: 3D Cadaster In this chapter we will talk about what is 3D cadaster? Why it is useful? Which countries are implementing/ implemented 3D cadaster? How these countries have implemented it? Chapter 6: Field work This chapter discuses about the pre field work and field work . Chapter 5: Source of 3D data In this chapter we will discuss about the various sources of the 3d data that are available in Netherlands. We will compare the advantages and disadvantages of each one. Chapter 6: Technique of modeling In this chapter we will discuss about the various methods, procedure, software’s, algorithms related to 3D modeling. Chapter 7: Accuracy assessment In this chapter we will discuss technique and method of analysis and comparison of the derived model with the benchmark that we obtained from the first objective of research. Chapter 8: Prototype In this chapter we will display the obtained results and then will discuss the finding of the prototype. Chapter 9: Conclusion and Recommendation This chapter consists of the conclusion derived from the results and recommendation for further improvement. 3.3. Work plan framework Work plan framework depicts the activity and time allocated for each activity. Table 1: Work Plan 4. Reference Elberink, S. O., Stoter, J., Ledoux, H., Commandeur, T. (2013). Generation and Dissemination of a National Virtual 3D City and Landscape Model for the Netherlands. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 79(2), 147-158. Jazayeri, I., Rajabifard, A., Kalantari, M. (2014). A geometric and semantic evaluation of 3D data sourcing methods for land and property information. Land Use Policy, 36(0), 219-230. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2013.08.004 Mohamed, E.-M., Anders, Ãâ€". (2012). Feasibility of Building Information Models for 3D Cadastre in Unified City Models. International Journal of E-Planning Research (IJEPR), 1(4), 35-58. doi: 10.4018/ijepr.2012100103 van der Sande, C., Soudarissanane, S., Khoshelham, K. (2010). Assessment of Relative Accuracy of AHN-2 Laser Scanning Data Using Planar Features. Sensors, 10(9), 8198-8214. doi: 10.3390/s100908198 Rigg, J., Bebbington, A., Gough, K. V, Bryceson, D. F., Agergaard, J., Fold, N., Tacoli, C. (2009). The World Development Report 2009 â€Å"reshapes economic geography†: geographical reflections. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 34(2), 128–136. doi:10.1111/j.1475-5661.2009.00340.x FACULTY OF GEO-INFORMATION SCIENCE AND EARTH OBSERVATION – UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE

Nothings Changed :: Afrika Culture Cultural Poems Poetry Essays

Nothings Changed In ‘nothings changed’ Afrika describes the cultural difference between coloured people and whites. He represents this by using many different poetic techniques, he does this by emphasising that there is a cultural difference between them, he shows this by using a small village in Africa called District six. The Title of the poem suggests that when the whites destroyed District six and built a new village, for coloured and whites to mix, it did not work. He shows this with the feeling of being unwelcome, in the village that used to be his home when he was a child. In this poem the cultures are divided because of wealth and power. In stanza 1, Afrika clearly builds up a sense of his anger at the continuing injustice. As he walks through District six, once so familiar to him, he feels an outsider. He begins his poem with short monosyllabic words, ‘small round stones’, which adds a feeling of sharpness to the tone which suggests his anger. In addition, the onomatopoeia word ‘click’ emphasises his anger because of his sharp aggressive ‘ck’ sound. Secondly he begins to use harsh and aggressive words, for example the word ‘thrust’ is a very harsh and unwelcome word, and it sounds very violent and aggressive. In this poem Afrika uses the symbol of â€Å"weeds† as the weeds are unwelcome, the weeds and Afrika are similar because they are unwelcome as they are both outsiders. Afrika’s hatred for what he believes it continually discriminated, this it shown as a symbol with the ‘whites only inn’, Afrika uses a word ‘brash’ which shows his vulgar, garnish and ostentations into appearance. Also alliteration is used in ‘guards at the gatepost’ with its aggressive ‘g’ sound, to reveal how intimidating it feels. Secondly there is a sense of unwelcome ness this is symbolised with the imported trees, menus and luxury foods; additionally there is repetition of the word ‘glass’ this symbolises a barrier physical and psychological as he is not allowed in. In the poem ‘nothings changed’, Afrika compares the working-mans cafe to the up-market restaurant. He compares the imported trees, menu, to the cheap and basic cafe, this is shown by when he says ‘we know where we belong’, and this says that he knows that he can’t go into the up-market restaurant because of laws and feels that he doesn’t fit in there. Also in this stanza there is also a symbol ‘it’s in the bone’, this symbolises that his culture is inside like it is imbedded inside him, he also shows this by saying ‘wipe your fingers on your jeans’ it

The Quiet American

The Quiet American In The Quiet American Grahm Green writes of a complex love triangle taking place in Vietnam during the Vietnam War. He chooses Thomas Fowler as the protagonist to tell the story from a biased point of view. From the beginning, Fowler proclaims that he is objective. As the story progresses he is eventually gives into the desire to take action and get involved. It is not until after this climax that Fowler finally realizes and admits to himself that he cannot simply remain aloof his entire life.Green’s use of Fowler as an unstable narrator effectively depicts the complexity of human motive and how difficult it is to be honest, even to oneself. Fowler is a British journalist who has been working in Vietnam for several years. Living in an extremely controversial era in the middle of all the action, Fowler insists on remaining â€Å"not involved† (20). Fowler is a â€Å"reporter,† as opposed to a â€Å"correspondent,† for he reports what he s ees and â€Å"[takes] no action† (20). He often likes to sit across the street form the milk-bar and just observe.Watching people of all shapes and colors go about their normal lives, Fowler does nothing himself, but simply watches. He even uses opium to achieve a state of complete impassiveness about the world and everything around him. Just a single pipe could make Fowler grow indifferent to the â€Å"presence or absence† of his lover (6); several more and he cannot decide whether his own death would be good or bad. Opium allows him to convince even himself that he really is indifferent to all that which goes on around him.He prides himself on remaining detached and not taking sides, saying it is â€Å"an article of [his] creed† (20). Based on his determination to be merely an observer, Fowler should make a fine narrator. Impartial and neutral, he would tell the story as is without even an opinions to cloud his mind, for â€Å"even an opinion is a kind of act ion† (20). Despite Fowler’s efforts, it soon becomes impossible for him to remain stagnant. When the opportunity is offered to him, he resolves to participate in a plot to murder Alden Pyle. He justifies his decision with the fact that Pyle has caused much trouble and disaster.He is so naive that he does not realize the extent of what he has done, and even with the death of so many people on his hands, â€Å"he’ll always be innocent, [and] you can’t blame the innocent†(155). Fowler convinces himself that Pyle as a threat to society and â€Å"all you can do is†¦ eliminate him. Innocence is a kind of insanity†(155). However, his reasoning is questionable, for there are personal motives involved as well. Fowler does not want Phuong to leave him and marry Pyle. His wife had already made it clear that she will not give him a divorce.Though he cannot marry her himself, he is selfish and wishes everything to stay the way it is. When Phuong and her sister find out that Fowler’s wife remains insistent on her refusal of his request for a divorce, things start to turn against him. Phuong moves out and plans to marry Pyle. Fowler, devastated, has increased reason to want Pyle dead. In fact, the two men talk of how Phuong is â€Å"the most important thing there is† right before Fowler makes up his mind to open the book at the window and call the whole plan to action (169).It is clear that Fowler does not make his decision based solely on political grounds. Slowly, as the story goes on, Fowler starts to realize that it is impossible to stay indifferent of everything around him. â€Å"Sooner or later, one has to take sides if one is to remain human† (166). After he decides to engage in the ploy to kill Pyle, he recognizes that â€Å"[he] had become as engaged as Pyle† (175). Fowler has assumed his role in the game. He can no longer hide behind his insistence that he is neutral and â€Å"no decision wo uld ever be simple again. Stubborn as he was before about not taking sides, Fowler realizes that he â€Å"had judged like a journalist†¦ and betrayed [his] own principles† (175); he is honest to himself when he finally crosses the line into partiality. After Pyle’s death Fowler tells Phuong that he is sorry. She does not catch the significance of his apology, but he says that though â€Å"everything had gone right for [him] since [Alden] had died†¦ [he] wished there existed someone to whom [he] could say that [he] was sorry†(180). Fowler sees clearly the magnitude of what he has done.He takes responsibility for his actions and feels remorse. The instability of Fowler’s narration depicts the extraordinary intricacy of individual drive. It is never clear the reasons that Fowler makes many of his decisions, often not even to himself. Does he kill Pyle out of political concern, or compassion for the Vietnamese people? Does he do it out of love for P huong, or is it simply lust? These questions, to some degree a mystery even to Fowler himself, are emphasized by his unreliable narration.Unclear intentions are not limited to just the narrator. When Pyle saves Fowler’s life, his motives are ambiguous as well. One may assume that based on Pyle’s simple personality, his purposes are most likely be pure and genuine. He probably saved Fowler because it was in his power and it was the right thing to do. But Fowler suspects Pyle to be more calculating, that he planned to emerge a hero from the ordeal and win Phuong over in that way. Human motives are quite often multi-layered and difficult to understand.Graham makes the peculiar choice of telling a story from the prejudiced point of view of someone whose personal life is tangled in the mess of the story. Fowler starts out determined to stay impartial as a reporter and a person in general. However, as events occur and his happiness is put on the line, he gets drawn in and ta kes action. Though he makes his decision to get involved, Fowler is unsure and doubtful the whole time and feels a great deal of remorse when it is all over. It is then that he must admit to himself, and the readers see, that he is not impartial after all, and it is, in fact, human nature to take a side.

How to Find the Lyra Constellation

How to Find the Lyra Constellation The nighttime skies of the northern hemisphere summer and southern hemisphere winter feature a tiny constellation called Lyra, the Harp. Located next to Cygnus the Swan, Lyra has a long history and harbors a few fascinating surprises for stargazers. Finding Lyra To locate Lyra, look for Cygnus. Its right next door. Lyra looks like a small lopsided box or a parallelogram in the sky. Its also not far from the constellation Hercules, a hero honored by the Greeks in their pantheon of myths and legends. The Myth of Lyra The name Lyra comes from the Greek myth of Orpheus, a musician. Lyra represents his lyre, made by the god Hermes. Orpheus lyre produced such beautiful music that it brought inanimate objects to life and charmed the legendary sirens. Orpheus married Eurydice, but she was killed by a snakebite, and Orpheus had to follow her to the underworld to get her back. Hades, the god of the underworld, said he could have her back as long as he didnt look at her as they left his realm. Unfortunately, Orpheus couldnt help but look, and Eurydice was lost forever. Orpheus spent the rest of his life in grief, playing his lyre. After he died, his lyre was placed in the sky as a tribute to his music and the loss of his wife. The constellation Lyra, one of the 48 constellations of antiquity, represents that lyre. The Stars of Lyra The IAU official constellation outline of Lyra. This also shows the location of two deep-sky objects observers can search out. IAU/Sky Telescope.   Constellation Lyra has only five main stars in its main figure, but the full constellation with all its boundaries contains many more. The brightest star is called Vega, or alphaLyrae. Its one of the three stars in the Summer Triangle, along with Deneb (in Cygnus) and Altair (in Aquila). Vega, the fifth-brightest star in the nighttime sky, is an A-type star that appears to have a ring of dust around it. At 450 million years old, Vega is considered a young star. It was once our North Pole star about 14,000 years ago and will be again about the year 13,727. The Summer Triangle and the constellations that lend their stars to it. Carolyn Collins Petersen Other interesting stars in Lyra include ÃŽ µ Lyrae, which is a double-double star, meaning that each of its two stars is a double star, as well. ÃŽ ² Lyrae (the second-brightest star in the constellation) is a binary star with two members that orbit so closely that occasionally material from one star spills over to other. That causes the stars to brighten as they do their orbital dance together.  Deep-sky Objects in Lyra Lyra has a few interesting deep-sky objects. The first is called M57, or the Ring Nebula. Its a planetary nebula, the remains of a sun-like star that died and expelled its material out to space to form what looks like a ring. Actually, the cloud of star-atmosphere material is more like a sphere, but from our point of view on Earth, it looks more like a ring. This object is easiest to spot with good binoculars or a telescope.   The Ring Nebula as seen by Hubble Space Telescope, with a white dwarf at the heart of the Ring Nebula. This is a Hubble Space Telescope image. Through binoculars or a small telescope, the ring looks like a small greyish-green oval. NASA/ESA/STScI. The other object in Lyra is the globular star cluster M56. It, too, can be seen with binoculars or telescope. For observers with a good telescope, Lyra also contains a galaxy called NGC 6745. Its more than 200 million light-years away, and scientists think it collided with another galaxy in the distant past.   Scientific Findings in Lyra The constellation Lyra is home to stars with planets that orbit them. Theres a Jupiter-mass planet circling an orange star called HD 177830.  Other stars nearby also have planets, including one called TrES-1b. It was discovered crossing the field of view between Earth and its parent star (called a transit discovery), and theres some thought the star might be somewhat like Earth. Astronomers will have to do more follow-up observations to determine what kind of planet it really is. Such planetary discoveries are part of the Kepler Telescopes mission to find stars with exoplanets. It stared at this region of the sky for years, searching for worlds among the stars of the constellations Lyra, Cygnus, and Draco.

Free Essays on 1984 - Relations Of Totalitarianism

related to it." (Internet, Bartleby) "Even thinking rebellious thought is illegal, the worst of all crimes.† Telescreens were the eyes of the party, not to mention anywhere you went you were reminded of the omniscient figure named Big Brother. The party used five different techniques to restrain citizens. The first technique used was â€Å"Psychological Manipulation.† Behavior of the members was monitored closely. Every time you turned around or went somewhere you were being constantly reminded that, â€Å"Big Brother is watching you† (Orwell 5). Children were inducted into an organization called the â€Å"Junior Spies†. They were brainwashed and encouraged that it was okay to spy on their parents. When there was disloyalty to the party from adults their children were the most likely ones to submit them to punishment. The sec... Free Essays on 1984 - Relations Of Totalitarianism Free Essays on 1984 - Relations Of Totalitarianism Relations of Totalitarianism Even though George Orwell’s mind-numbing novel 1984 was written in 1929, he accurately predicted some societies outcome of a totalitarianism government. In the book 1984, Winston Smith, a low member of the ruling party, lived and matured with the concept of a totalitarian government. The same totalitarian concept took place in Fascist Italy under the ruling of Benito Mussolini in the early 1900‘s. Mussolini and Orwell’s concepts and ideas intertwined in imagination. They both had the same notion, Orwell’s 1984 resembled a perfect totalitarian society. Outcomes of situations were beyond extreme, unimaginable to the modern day government. Imagine living in a society in which you are completely restrained from having freedom. Winston lives life in Oceana, a city in London. A â€Å"party† that controls everything, such as history and language, continuously watches and controls him. An invented language called newspeak that was force to be used as member’s native language. The party believes that newspeak "Prevents political rebellion by eliminating all words related to it." (Internet, Bartleby) "Even thinking rebellious thought is illegal, the worst of all crimes.† Telescreens were the eyes of the party, not to mention anywhere you went you were reminded of the omniscient figure named Big Brother. The party used five different techniques to restrain citizens. The first technique used was â€Å"Psychological Manipulation.† Behavior of the members was monitored closely. Every time you turned around or went somewhere you were being constantly reminded that, â€Å"Big Brother is watching you† (Orwell 5). Children were inducted into an organization called the â€Å"Junior Spies†. They were brainwashed and encouraged that it was okay to spy on their parents. When there was disloyalty to the party from adults their children were the most likely ones to submit them to punishment. The sec...

Answer exam question1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Answer exam question1 - Essay Example It is a systematic approach, which entails various activities performed to get people’s performance to attain agency, group and individual goals, (Mitchell 2007, p.90). Staff appraisal is a strategy used to evaluate an employee’s job performance (based on job quantity, quality, cost and time) by the management. Staff appraisal is an aspect of guiding and career development management, and the process is used for obtaining, information recording and analyzing the relative value of a workers to the company. Staff performance appraisal analyzes the current achievements and limitations, individual limitations and strengths of an employees as well as qualification for additional training. Objectives and purposes in multinational organizations The main objective of performance management systems and staff appraisals is to connect the goals and strategies of an organization to personal and group performance to enhance effectiveness of an organization – increased product ivity and profitability. Multinational organizations require performance management systems to asses and ensure that their workforce is performing their duties as required in a satisfactory and efficient way that contributes to the overall organizational goals and target, (Aguinis, 2009, p.52). Performance is the actual test for marketplace survival, therefore, high performing workers contribute to excellent performance, giving the organization a competitive advantage – and their additional effort distinguishes exceptional organization from others organizations. Effective performance system encourages teamwork, effective communication and collaboration among employees, which is crucial for multinational organization to survive in competing market place. It is critical for companies to have the system in place to define, appreciate, rewards and maintain their best performers to attain sustainable growth as a survival mechanism. Appraisal performance, on the other hand, aims to enhance worker’s job performance by defining the limitations and strengths and creating channels of utilizing these strengths within the company and overcoming the weaknesses. How applicable are these techniques to non-western societies? The general inadequacy of management skills and expertise hinders complex structures development like systems of performance management in non-western societies. They thus focus on introducing and imitating systems and tools from western societies that are not applicable and suitable for local situations, (Harzing and Ruysseveldt, 1995, p.85). This poses a question of whether modern techniques such as performance management systems and staff appraisal are applicable for non-western societies. Yes, these techniques are applicable to non-western societies because poor management practices, inefficiencies in bureaucratic systems and reduced productivity force managers to adopt rapid and ready to implement western techniques. These techniques ar e crucial to non-western societies encourages teamwork, effective communication and collaboration among employees which is crucial for their survival in competing marketplace, (Mendenhall and ODdou, 2000, p.20). Performance management systems and staff appraisals is required to connect the goals and strategies of an non-western societies to personal and group performance to enhance effectiveness of the organizations. Conclusion The approach of performance ma

Luxury fashion industry E-Commerce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Luxury fashion industry E-Commerce - Essay Example The use of colour is usually considered to be an essential component of visual merchandising (Iqbal et al., 2011). Choice of the colour, therefore, determines the attention it attracts to consumers. Use of vibrant colours like red, brown or orange at the entrance and addition of designs gives an appealing look to attract many customers. Colour also, can create an emotional impact on consumers that can portray good meaning about the product. E-commerce employs the use of signage that acts as a salesperson. This increases the efficiency as customers easily reach their destinations by just following the displays in it. Also, use of signage increases customer service since it reduces the waiting time that is a desirable factor to customers. Maintenance of proper lighting to focus on key products improves the appealing effect of the products. Those consumers who use online applications and sites require pictures of products with good lighting to allow them make right choices and save on time. Lastly, the use of unique window display of products serves as an attraction to more sells. Showing items correctly will give consumers idea of how they would look like and these is more likely to influence them to buy the items (Iqbal, et al., 2011). In order to maintain consistency from the real visual merchandise shop and online, e-commerce have to employ some factors. The use of a simple web design with a good user interface where the customers can easily navigate through and make their purchases with ease. Pictures and videos of the items in the store are displayed in high quality and in simple layouts where one can access a number of items at a go. These pictures and videos usually contain a specified description of quality, make and prices. With the Omni-channel strategy, the integration of the real store and online stores has enabled the merchandisers maintain consistency and promote their